Marketing coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing - Coursework Example Agriculture and any other economic activity such as tourism cannot thrive in a society that does not have efficient water management strategies. Challenges related to water in Ethiopia have persisted for several decades now. Management of water resources is the only way to meet the growing needs for agricultural products soas to help reduce poverty and food insecurity. Further, water can be used as an important entry point to bring development in the social environment and economy thus leading to sustainable development (Gabre-Egziabher 2007, p.67). Ethiopia is also challenged with several civil wars. Ethnic communities have been fighting each other over the scarce resources in the country. The civil wars have also been linked to poor governance because there are numerous corruption scandals affecting the delivery of services to all ethnic communities. As a result, wars between communities have emerged. This level of insecurity cannot allow the smooth flow of tourists in the country (Kiros 2006, p.212). Due to mismanagement of water resources, Ethiopia has witnessed one of the worst droughts in the world. Human beings have died due to famine which prompted the international community to intervene and save the citizens from the great famine of Ethiopia that occured in 1986. Drought cannot allow any agricultural activity to take place, which is why food prices continue to be highin the country . According to the United Nations, Ethiopia is one of the countries that depend on relief food for its population’s survival (Brems & Beken 2008, p.129). Any investment in the tourism sector needs adequate infrastructure such as good road and railway systems. In Ethiopia, there are no adequate roads that can easen the movement of tourists from one region to another. The road networks as well as the rail systems are underdeveloped. The movement of tourists from one place to another cannot be easy in such a situation. In addition, there are no adequate airports that ca n provide air transport to various tourist attraction sites in the country (Asfaw 2006, p.48). In relation to security, Ethiopia does not have the right security personnel equipped with modern technology to identify terror threats. Terrorism continues to be one of the challenges affecting tourism. Without guaranteed security, there can never be any benefit arising out of the industry. In addition, the numerous ethnic conflicts are also not suitable for tourist visits to the attraction sites (Asfaw 2006, p.48). The weak and developing justice system does not provide procedural guarantees including legal aid, an appeal system, fair trial and equity before law. Despite these issues being given priority in the constitution, their implementation is still a challenge. The unreliable justice system is not friendly to potential investors in the country. Furthermore there is a severe shortage of trained legal staff meaning that potential investors and players in the tourism sector lack confi dence in the delivery of justice (Gabre-Egziabher 2007, p.67). Political repression is a major challenge to the citizens of Ethiopia. The ruling party EPRDF has continued to trample on the rights of the citizens. Opposition leaders are not given a chance to air their grievances concerning the illegal dealings and scandals in the government. The government has punitive legislative laws aimed at the press and the civil society. The main aim of the government is to affect the

Remind yourself of the opening passage Essay Example for Free

Remind yourself of the opening passage Essay Of course, Marlow is the only one we really need be concerned with, as it is he who goes on to co-narrate the rest of the book. The Director of Companies doubles as the captain and the host. This shows how they generally look upon him with affection, trust and respect. The Lawyer is older than the rest and possesses many virtues. The Accountant is toying with dominoes, trying to start a game. This possibly shows his views are childish and not generally considered with a lot of respect by his associates, or by Conrad himself. All of them already have the bond of the sea. and they are tolerant of one another. However, there is then Marlow. He has a rather withered appearance He had sunken cheeks, a yellow complexion He is a man who doesnt really characterize his class: although he is a seaman, he is also a wanderer, which is rather strange, since most seamen live inactive lives aboard the ship. These ideas can be read into by just taking into account the first description of Marlow. The sallow skin and sunken cheeks dont give the impression that he is healthy or happy. He is certainly different from everyone else on the boat. It doesnt seem coincidental that hes the only person on the s boat who is named too. He is distinct from them because he has no category that fits him. This could be part of Conrad giving the reader an idea of Marlows unreliability throughout his whole narration. It is certainly explored as the book continues. This is Conrads way of arranging the overall structure of the novel. People do realise that it is going to be a remembrance of a story, and this story accounts for Marlows presently shaky, impenetrable state. Yet, it is out of the ordinary that he does also say that Marlow resembled an idol. The fact he put this in may suggest that he is being looked up to, and the fact he survived Africa and back is impressive. After the crews descriptions, the whole passage focuses on again describing the setting, and then bringing historic recollection of the surroundings. Conrad mentions Sir Francis Drake to Sir John Franklin, two of the famous explorers that travelled down the same river. During this same passage he then talks about feelings of the British people the germs of empires, who manipulated other human beings and resources. This goes a long way to revealing Conrads view on the slavery and demolition. Despite all the mention of it in Heart of Darkness, it is noticeable how Conrad assumes peoples knowledge of colonialism. The resentment of Marlows recollection makes obvious Conrads own strong bias against colonialism, which he does wants to pass on to the reader. Overall, the introduction serves as a good beginning to the book. In the passage, Conrad manages to introduce most of his main themes. There is darkness, which is very large topic, and how it can serve/be viewed in different contexts. We are made aware of Marlow himself and his unreliability/madness (caused due to the voyage ). Also, there is already a brief introduction into his views on colonialism/imperialism too. Due to this, you get an impression of his views early on, and as a result almost get ready to view the rest of the book in the way he may of intended you to. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Joseph Conrad section.

Women and Resilience in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns Essa

Afghan-born American novelist and physician Khaled Hosseini’s second bestselling novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, written in 2007, is set in â€Å"war-ravaged landscape of Afghanistan†, and it focuses on the tumultuous lives and relationship of Mariam and Laila. In contrast to Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, which is a story of â€Å"father-son relationship†, this novels is regarded as â€Å"mother-daughter story† by the author himself. The novel relates the story of Mariam and Laila in four parts. The first part focuses on Mariam, while the second and fourth part on Laila, and the relationship between the two women in the third part. At the background the novel also recounts Afghanistan’s troubled history of last several decades, through the eyes of a segment of the Afghan population that probably suffered and lost the most during that period, that are its women. Through this pitiable story of two women married to a man Rasheed, who oppress the m physically as well as psychologically, the author tries to represent the situation of Afghan women, who are not only affected by the war but are also being oppressed by their domestic rulers, that are their husbands. The present paper attempts to examine the afghan women, oppressed under the rule of patriarchy, whether at the domestic level by their husbands or at social order under Taliban rule, and their resilience and tenacity to survive, which is clearly identified throughout this novel with a glimpse of hope at the end, as the rains return, the cinemas open, the children play and the orphanages are rebuilt. Khaled Hosseini brings in this novel the subject of women suppression in Afghanistan along with the various other restrictions of education and familial subjugation. He has created the man-d... ...ize that when oppression goes too far, whether through an individual or the state; once oppressed, subjugated or downtrodden can rise up against the tyranny. Hosseini, through the love and affection of Mariam and Laila for each other, portrayed â€Å"amazing resilience of human spirit where hope unfolds like a tiny, frail plant in the most unlikely places† (Null and Alfred 123). Works Cited De Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex. Trans. Constance Borden ad Sheila Malovany-Chevallier. Inroduction by Sheila Rowbotham. London:Vintage Books, 2011 (1st Ed. 1949) Hosseini, Khalid. A Thousand Splendid Suns. Rivekhead Books, 2007. Web. Null, Linda and Suellen Alfred. â€Å"A Thousand Splintered Hopes†.The English Journal. 97.6. National Council of Teachers of English (July, 2008), pp. 123-125. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40503428. Accessed: 24/02/2014 06:40

Analyzing the role of Strategic Entrepreneurship in forming temporary Competitive Advantage that leads to Value Creation

Introduction Globalization and the rapid pace of development, combined with intense competition, have pushed firms to seek ways to survive and thrive in today’s highly volatile business environment. As such, entrepreneurs are primarily concerned with building competitive advantage and creating value for their firms. Recent studies point out the significance of strategic entrepreneurship as a way for businesses to develop a ‘more entrepreneurial orientation for sustained competitive advantage’ (Olusola, 2012). Strategic entrepreneurship essentially involves concurrent opportunity-seeking and advantage-seeking behaviors, which result in better performance of the firm (Ireland, Hitt & Sirmon, 2003). This research is interested in conducting a similar investigation and seeks to analyze the role of strategic entrepreneurship in forming temporary competitive advantage, which leads to the creation of value for the firm. Research Questions This dissertation is interested in determining whether firms, which engage in strategic entrepreneurship, are able to establish temporal competitive advantage in a dynamic environment, especially whilst competing with other firms and within the context of creating value for the firm. Below are the specific questions to be addressed in this dissertation: What benefits would a firm obtain by successfully employing strategic entrepreneurship in the current competitive market What temporary competitive advantage results from employing strategic entrepreneurship Does strategic entrepreneurship create value Aims and Objectives The primary aim of this research is to analyze the role of strategic entrepreneurship in building competitive advantage and creating value for the firm. Based on the research questions given above, the objectives of this dissertation are as follows: To find out the benefits of employing strategic entrepreneurship To understand what competitive advantages are the result of utilising strategic entrepreneurship To investigate whether strategic entrepreneurship creates value for the firm Rationale This dissertation will provide insights on the significance of strategic entrepreneurship, especially within the context of forming temporary competitive advantage, in pursuit of creating value for the firm. This research seeks to address some of the gaps in literature, such as understanding the balance between the opportunity-seeking behavior associated with entrepreneurship and the advantage-seeking behavior of strategic management (Hitt et al., 2011). Moreover, a Strategic Entrepreneurship Theoretical Tree will be utilized in order to analyze the various components of strategic entrepreneurship. The theoretical tree is created based from the different studies conducted on the subject. Literature Review (Preliminary) Strategic entrepreneurship is associated with firm’s objective of achieving superior performance through the simultaneous application of both opportunity-seeking and advantage-seeking activities (Ketchen, Ireland, & Snow, 2007). Various researchers have identified different components of strategic entrepreneurship, which can lead to superior performance of the firm. Ireland, Hitt & Sirmon (2003) proposes four dimensions for the successful implementation of strategic entrepreneurship: (a) entrepreneurial mindset; (b) entrepreneurial culture and leadership; (c) strategic management of resources; and (d) applying creativity to develop innovations. At the business level, value creation is usually reflected in the expansion and growth of a firm. Welter & Smallbone (2004) found that Institutional Economic Theory highlights the institutional embeddedness and path dependence of entrepreneurial behavior. This, in turn, influences the degree and nature of value creation for the firm. A number of authors have identified the factors that influence value creation and competitive advantage. Pongpearchan (2011, p.5) found that ‘operational innovation efficiency and business practice effectiveness have a significant positive effect on value creation excellence.’ On the other hand, Rindova & Fombrun (1999) argue that competitive advantage is a systemic outcome which develops as firms engage in processes that involve the use and exchange of resources, as well as the communication that occurs in these exchanges. Therefore, the fluctuations on the interpretations and evaluations of a firm affect its resources and its competitive advantage in the marketplace. Below is the model of the Strategic Entrepreneurship Theoretical Tree which will be used as the main theoretical framework of this research. Each of the components of this model is based on different studies. These will be discussed in more detail during the full dissertation document. Methodology This research will use quantitative research methodology in addressing the objectives of the study. Quantitative survey will be used in gathering data from respondents. Quantitative methodology is chosen for this study because it will allow the researcher to utilize the opinions of respondents in explaining the phenomena being studied. The survey will be administered to employees and managers of SMEs and large commercial firms in the UK to find out their views on the subject. The survey will asks questions such as how respondents perceive the role of strategic entrepreneurship in forming creative temporary competitive advantage; what are the benefits of strategic entrepreneurship; how can firms create value; etc. The target number of respondents for the survey is 100. In anticipation of the fact that some potential respondents might refuse to participate in the survey, around 175 to 200 questionnaires will be distributed to ensure that 100 responses will be gathered. The survey will be administered face-to-face, via post, though emails, and online. This is done to allow respondents to choose how they want to answer the survey. After data gathering is completed, statistical analysis will be used in analyzing the data. SPSS and Excel will be used as the primary software for analysis. References Hitt, M, Ireland, D, Sirman, G, & Trahms, C. (2011). Strategic Entrepreneurship: Creating value for individuals, organizations and society. Academy of Management Perspective. p.57-75. Ireland, D, Hitt, M, & Sirmon, D. (2003). A Model of Strategic Entrepreneurship: The Construct and its Dimensions. Journal of Management. 29(6), p.963-989 Ketchen, D, Ireland, D, & Snow, C. (2007). Strategic entrepreneurship, collaborative innovation, and wealth creation. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. 1(3-4), p.371-385. Olusola, A. (2012). Strategic Entrepreneurial Skills’ Influence on Small Businesses’ Performance in Oyo and Osun Western States-Nigeria. Research Journal in Organizational Psychology and Educational Studies.1 (6), p.345-352. Pongpearchan, P. (2011). Strategic entrepreneurship management competency and firm success: a comparative study of SMEs in auto and electronic parts in Thailand. International Journal of Business Strategy. 11(2). Rindova, V & Fombrun, C. (1999). Constructing competitive advantage: the role of firm-constituent interactions. Strategic Management Journal. 20(8), p.691-710.

The Cross-Cultural Management Implications for a UK Manager Undertaking an International Business Assignment to another Country

Abstract This report looks at the implications for cross-cultural management for a UK manager undertaking an international business assignment in China. Key ways of understanding cultural differences, particularly Hofstede’s and Trompenaars cultural dimensions, are discussed. Although the UK and China have some similarities, they are very different in several dimensions, and the ways these differences impact upon business practice are pointed out. Finally, key recommendations are made. 1. Introduction The following looks at the cross-cultural management implications for a UK manager undertaking an international business assignment to China. It uses a theoretical framework of cultural differences to explore the ways in which the two different countries have different business styles (including differences in style of management, communication and staff issues).The exploration of the differences between the UK and China is used to support a number of recommendations to the UK manager about best practice. China offers unparalleled opportunities for business, and over the last 30 years has shown unprecedented economic growth, with a percentage rise of 8.7% in 2009, better than all other major economies (UK Trade and Investment 2012 [online]). China is large, both in terms of size (3.7 million square miles) and population (1.3 billion).Its capital is Beijing, and its population largely (92%) Han Chinese, with the remainder 55 different ethnic minority groups. Although officially an atheist country, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Daoism are practiced. Mandarin is the main language, although there are a number of local dialects, and the currency is the Yuan or Renminbi (Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2012 [online]). China’s communist government have, over the last 30 years, brought about substantial change to bring about market-oriented economic systems (Gore 2011) in order to deliver the prosperity that it seemed the Marxist system could not provide (Grant 2005). The transformation has been built upon the large workforce, offering the possibility of cheap labour and hence low-cost manufacturing. It has seen economic reforms which have meant China have become a force in the global business market (Brandt and Rawski 2006). China is, however, culturally very different from the UK, and in order to conduct business successfully it is essential to understand these differences and the impact on management. 2. Cross-Cultural Theorists Two theorists, Hofstede and Trompenaars, are particularly useful for understanding the differences between cultures. Hofstede has been very influential in contemporary management theory attempts to understand cross-cultural differences. His ideas were rooted in a large scale study of IBM (Matsumoto and Juang 2012), and involve five different dimensions which characterise a nation. Each country has a different value for each dimension, and a unique picture of the cultural nature of that country is built up through all five dimensions. The five dimensions are power distance, individualism / collectivism, masculinity / femininity, degree of uncertainty avoidance, and time orientation (Hofstede 1984).Power distance concerns the extent to which people are happy with an unequal society, and the extent to which the society is hierarchical with a large gap between the powerful and those without power. A low power distance country, for example, would be more egalitarianism and intolerant o f power imbalance. Individualism / collectivism refers to the extent to which people think of themselves as individuals or as part of a group.Individualistic societies are competitive and value creativity for example (Phillips and Gully 2011). The dimension of masculinity and femininity expresses the extent to which the culture displays predominantly masculine values: gender roles are clearly defined, assertiveness and striving are praised. In a feminine culture roles are more fluid and more caring values respected (Tian 2004). Uncertainty avoidance refers to how comfortable people are with ambiguity. Cultures high on this like rules and regulations (Sorrentino 2005).Interestingly for the context of this report, Hofstede’s final dimension was based on data collected from China, with the help of Michael Harris Bond (Berry et al 1997).Time orientation concerns the way in which people think about time, with a distinction between short-term and long-term orientation. Cultures which are short-term oriented life in the moment, while long-term cultures are strong on planning (Daft and Marcic 2010). Trompenaars (1993) model can be seen as a development of Hofstede’s ideas. He suggested seven different dimensions, again based on a large-scale study across many different countries. These dimensions cover three main areas: how people relate to others, their perceptions of time, and their experiences of the environment (Lane 2004). The seven dimensions overlap with Hofstede’s dimensions to some extent, with some being very similar and others new. The dimensions he specifies are: Universal v. particular: whether the society is organised around set rules and procedures or whether the needs of the individuals come first Individual v. collectivism: whether people predominantly act for themselves or think about the group Affective v. neutral: whether people are predominantly demonstrative emotionally, or are controlled and rational Specific v. diffuse: whether organisational systems determine employee behaviour, or systems arise out of the needs and perspectives of individuals. Achievement v. ascription: whether achievement or background, education and other fixed variables assumed to be important about people Sequential v. synchronous: whether time is seen fixed and linear or flexible and open Internal v. external control: whether people believe that nature can be controlled through human will, or human beings are part of nature and subject to its laws. (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner 2004). While Trompenaars is clearly influenced by Hofstede’s work, Hofstede has criticised the former for lacking the intellectual rigour he believes the five dimensional model possesses. Hofstede has also attracted criticism, for example that five dimensions are inadequate to fully capture the complexity of cultural differences (Browaeys and Price 2008). Despite criticisms, however, both these models are useful to help understand how cultures differ from each other, and will influence the next section. 3. Discussion / Analysis According to Hofstede (Geert-hofstede.com 2012 [online]) (see appendix), China and the UK show fairly different cultural styles. They are, however, identical for masculinity / femininity (66) and near-identical for uncertainty avoidance.Both the UK and China tend towards masculinity in society, with drivenness and competition valued. Additionally, both are low for uncertainty avoidance, in other words, both societies are happy with ambiguity and believe rules should be followed flexibly and selectively. Both societies are adaptable, which encourages entrepreneurship. China is higher than the UK for power distance (80 v. 35), that is, China is comfortable with hierarchy, power structure and wide gaps between people. There is more likelihood of abuse of power, and authority is important. Aspiration above ones status is unacceptable. In the UK, people see each other as equals to a greater extent, have less respect for authority, do not tolerate abuses of power, and aspire to change their status. There is also a gap between the UK and China in regards to individualism, with the UK scoring much higher (89 v. 20). In other words, in China there is a much higher degree of interdependence between people, with people defining themselves as part of a group. In the UK the tendency is to think about oneself, and one’s family before society as a whole. Chinese people act to serve the group rather than themselves, and are likely to have much higher organisational commitment, as well as feeling it acceptable for closer groups (e.g. family) to get preferential treatment at work. Whereas UK people tend to be generally agreeable to those outside the preferred group, in highly collectivist societies those outside their group may be demonised. China are much more long-term oriented than the UK. There is a greater value placed on persistence and long-term goals. They are happy to save and be economical with resources, and have great respect for the past and for tradition. By contrast, people in the UK are more able to enjoy the moment, and can be flexible with regards to goals. According to Trompenaars, China is one of the most particularist of the countries he looked at (Rugman and Collinson 2008), meaning that they look at the particular case and take all circumstances into account, rather than looking at general principles. For example, an employer in a particularist culture might excuse poor work behaviour if the individual’s circumstances offer a good reason. In addition, China scores highly for affectivity, level of diffuseness and external control (Aswathappa 2010).That is, people conduct business in an emotional way, displaying emotions openly, do not have a strong sense of the barriers between public and private life, and feel that fate plays a stronger role in what happens to an individual or organisation than choice and self-motivation. While there are some similarities, China and UK have a very different cultural make-up, according to both sets of dimensions. What impact does this have on business styles This can be considered in terms of different areas. For team work, for example, the high-power distance might mean that Chinese staff are uncomfortable with sharing feedback and frank discussions. However, their low individualism suggests that they would put the team before themselves, and would therefore be motivated by team-based rewards. UK staff, by contrast, might find sharing opinions as a team fairly easy, as they have a lower power distance, but might put their own interests before those of the team or organisation as a whole. In terms of communication, China have high affectivity, which suggests they might work better if communication styles are emotional rather than neutral. For example, written communications in the UK tend towards formal business English: a more open and friendly style might suit the Chinese market more. Additionally, China scores highly for diffuseness against specificity. That is, there may be a tendency for communications to be more roundabout, with things left unsaid or communicated non-verbally. Diffuse cultures also have a higher degree of overlap between work and home (Amant 2007), which may mean that there is a greater reliance on shared experience upon which to base communication amongst the Chinese. There is also a need for a different management style, to take into account the greater power distance in China. Whereas UK workers respond better to power sharing and partnership styles, in China there may be a need to confirm the hierarchy, making it clear who is in charge, and defining roles carefully.However China also score highly for particularism, which suggests that management needs to take into account the details of each situation, rather than rigidly follow rules. Employees are likely to expect that rules can be bent to suit circumstance. Motivation and performance management are also likely to differ across the cultures. As mentioned, China scores much lower for individualism, which suggests that team-based rewards would be more motivating for them than in the UK. China are also markedly more long-term oriented, which means employees are likely to respond to goals set for the distant future, rather than needing near-instant reward. There is also an issue here for motivating teams which consist of employees from both China and the UK, as each employee group is likely to have a different perspective on what is a motivating factor. The higher score for China on external control suggests that employees are less likely to enjoy spontaneous decision making. As they feel that the forces which drive business are located outside of themselves, this removes some of the responsibility for making decisions, and places it in the hands of fate, or higher authorities in the organisation. This is confirmed by the high power distance in China, which suggests that employees are very comfortable with letting decision making be carried out by those higher in the corporate hierarchy. By contrast, UK employees are likely to desire more participation in decisions. Negotiation should also be handled with care. The higher affectivity and diffuse culture in China may mean that great attention needs to be paid to the non-verbal cues when negotiation takes place.The higher power distance might also mean that negations need to be carried out between staff perceived to be at similar levels. In addition to the dimensional analysis of culture, Tian (2007) suggests that negotiation in China is determined by a set of core traditional values including the importance of sincerity and trust, respect for age and hierarchy, maintaining social harmony and avoiding getting angry or being unpleasant to others. This might mean that negotiation between two people of very different ages might be tricky, for example. 4. Conclusions Although they have some common areas, for example similarly masculine cultures and a similar tolerance of uncertainty, China and the UK have key cultural differences which are likely to impact attempts to manage a diverse work team. In particular, China employees are likely to be much more comfortable with hierarchy and unequal distribution of power, to value the group over the individual, to be focussed upon the long-term (but less likely to react spontaneously to the moment). They are also more likely to expect rules to be bent to the particular case, to attribute the cause of events to circumstances or agents external to themselves, and to prefer styles of communication which heavily emphasise the non-verbal and tacit. While, to a certain extent, globalisation has meant that cultural diversity is threatened, (Homann et al 2007), to be successful management needs to anticipate and plan for difference. 5. Recommendations Recognise that hierarchy has a more important role in China Adapt communication styles to pay attention to context, body-language and assumed information Plan team-work to incorporate two very different perspectives on the relative importance of the individual and the group Ensure Chinese employees are kept fully informed about the long-term perspective 6. References Aswathappa, K (2010) International Business (4th edn.), Tata McGraw-Hill Education, India. Berry, J W, Portinga, Y H and Pandey, J (1997) Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology: Social behavior and applications (2nd edn.), John Berry. Brandt, L and Rawski, T G (2006) China’s Great Economic Transformation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. Browaeys, M-J and Price, R (2008) Understanding cross-cultural management, Pearson Education, Harlow, Essex Daft, R L and Marcic, D (2010) Understanding Management (7th edn.), Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA. Foreign and Commonwealth Office (2012) ‘China: Country Information’ [online] (cited 22nd February 2012), available from http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/asia-oceania/china Geert-hofstede.com (2012) ‘What about China?’, [online] (cited 22nd February 2012), available from http://geert-hofstede.com/china.html ‘What about china?’, Gore, L (2011) The Chinese Communist Party and China’s capitalist revolution: the political impact of the market, Taylor & Francis, Oxon. Grant, R G (2005) Communism: Systems of government, Evans Brothers. Hofstede, G H (1984) Culture’s consequences: international differences in work-related values (2nd edn), SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA Homann, K, Koslowski, P and Luetge, C (2007) Globalisation and business ethics, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, Aldershot, Hants. Lane, H W (2004) The Blackwell handbook of global management: a guide to managing complexity, John Wiley & Sons / Blackwell, Oxon. Matsumoto, D and Juang, L (2012) Culture and Psychology (5th edn), Cengage Learning, Belmont CA Phillips, J and Gulley, S M (2011) Organizational Behavior: Tools for Success, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA. Rugman, A M and Collinson, S (2008) International Business (5th edn.), Pearson Education, Harlow, Essex St. Amant, K (2007) Linguistic and cultural online communication issues in the global age, Idea Group Inc, Hershey PA Sorrento, R M (2005) Culture and social behaviour, Routledge, UK Tian, Q (2004) A transcultural study of ethical perceptions and judgements between Chinese and German businessmen, Martin Meidenbauer Verlag, Germany Tian, X (2007) Managing international business in China, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Trompenaars, F (1993) Riding the waves of culture: understanding cultural diversity in business, Economist Books. Trompenaars, F and Hampden-Turner, C (2004) Managing people across cultures, Capstone. UK Trade and Investment (2012) ‘China’ [online] (cited 22nd February 2012), available from http://www.ukti.gov.uk/export/countries/asiapacific/fareast/china.html

The History, Practice, Implications of Megans Law

The History, Practice, Implications of Megans Law Megans Law is a federal law passed in 1996 that authorizes local law enforcement agencies to notify the public about convicted sex offenders living, working or visiting their communities. Megans Law was inspired by the case of seven-year-old Megan Kanka, a New Jersey girl who was raped and killed by a known child molester who moved across the street from the family. The Kanka family fought to have local communities warned about sex offenders in the area. The  New Jersey  legislature passed Megans Law in 1994. In 1996, the U.S. Congress passed Megans Law as an amendment to the Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Childrens Act. It required every state have a sex offender registry and a notification system for the public when a  sex offender  is released into their community. It also required that repeat sex offenders receive a sentence of life in prison. Different states have different procedures for making the required disclosures. Generally, the information that is included within the notification is the  offenders name, picture, address, incarceration date, and offense of conviction. The information is most often displayed on free public  websites, but can be distributed through  newspapers, distributed in  pamphlets, or through various other means. The federal law was not the first on the books that addressed the issue of registering convicted sex offenders. As early as 1947, California had laws that required sex offenders to be registered. Since the passage of the federal law in May of 1996, all states have passed some form of Megans Law. History - Before Megan's Law Before Megans Law being passed, the Jacob Wetterling Act of 1994 required that each state must  maintain and  develop a registry of sexual offenders and other offenses related to crimes against children. However, the registry information was only made available to law enforcement and was not open to public viewing unless information about an individual became a matter of public safety. The actual effectiveness of the law as a tool to protect the public was challenged by Richard and Maureen Kanka of Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey after their 7-year-old daughter, Megan Kanka, was abducted, raped and murdered.  He was sentenced to death, but on  December 17, 2007, the death penalty was abolished by the New Jersey Legislature and Timmendequas sentence was  commuted  to  life in prison  without the possibility of  parole. Repeat sex offender, Jessee Timmendequas had been convicted twice for sex crimes against children when he moved into a home across the street from Megan. On July 27, 1994, he lured Megan into his house where he raped and murdered her, then left her body in a nearby park.  The following day he confessed to the crime and led police to Megans body. The Kankas said that had they known that their neighbor, Jessee Timmendequas was a convicted sex offender, Megan would be alive today.  The Kankas fought to change the law, wanting to make it mandatory that states notify the residents of a community when sex offenders are living in the community or move to the community. Paul Kramer, a Republican Party politician who served four terms in the New Jersey General Assembly, sponsored the package of seven bills known as Megans Law in New Jersey General Assembly in 1994. The bill was enacted in New Jersey 89 days after Megan was kidnapped, raped and murdered. Criticism of Megan's Law Opponents of Megans Law feel that it invites vigilante violence and reference cases like William Elliot who was shot and killed in his home by vigilante Stephen Marshall. Marshall located Elliots personal information on the  Maine Sex Offender Registry website. William Elliot was required to register as a sex offender at the age of 20 after being convicted of having sex with his girlfriend who was just days away from turning 16 years old. Reformist organizations have criticized the law because of the negative collateral effects on the family members of registered sex offender. It also finds it unfair because it means that sex offenders are subjected to indefinite punishments.

Sivas Congress essays

Sivas Congress essays Milli mcadele yà ½llarà ½nà ½n en nemli tanà ½klarà ½ndan biri ve Cumhuriyet gazetesinin kurucusu olan Yunus Nadinin kaleme aldà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ bu eser, Atatrkn Samsuna ayak basmasà ½ndan hemen nceki planlarà ½ ile Sivas Kongresinden sonra oluà ¾turulan Temsil Heyetinin, Mdafai Hukuk Cemiyeti teà ¾kilatlanmasà ½na ek madde olarak à §Ãƒ ½karttà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ Gizli teà ¾kilat nizamnemesinin yayà ½nlanmasà ½ arasà ½ndaki srece à ½Ãƒ ¾Ãƒ ½k tutuyor. Eserinde Kurtuluà ¾ savaà ¾Ãƒ ½ ncesi; bir toplumu gaflet uykusundan uyandà ½rmak ià §in sarfedilen à §abanà ½n ne kadar byk, katedilen yolun ise bir o kadar zoru olduà °unu dile getiriyor. à ngiliz egemenlià °i altà ½nda bulunan, onlar ile iyi geà §inmenin en iyi siyaset olduà °unu kabul eden à stanbul hkmeti ve Babà ½li, bazà ½ à ttihat ve Terakkicileri ile hià § alkalarà ½ olmamasà ½na raà °men eski devlet memurlarà ½nà ½ ( Ali Fethi Bey Sofya Sefiri ) potansiyel suà §lu olarak grmekte ve kontrol altà ½nda tutmak ià §in tutuklamaktadà ½r. Bunun gibi zc ve bir o kadar da moral bozucu olaylar Mustafa Kemalin Samsuna à §Ãƒ ½kà ½p Milli Mcadele ateà ¾ini yakmasà ½nà ½ engelleyemeyecektir. Ali Fethi Beyin arkadaà ¾Ãƒ ½ olan Mustafa Kemal sà ½k sà ½k tutuklu bulunduà °u Bekiraà °a koà °uà ¾unda Onu ziyaret etmekte, à ngilizleri fazlasà ½yla uyandà ½rmadan Anadoluya geà §mek ià §in resmi memuriyet takibinde olduà °unu ve kabul edilir edilmez yola à §Ãƒ ½kacaà °Ãƒ ½nà ½ anlatmaktadà ½r. Olaylar tam Mustafa Kemalin arzuladà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ ve hedefledià °i gibi gelià ¾mekte, 3 gn sren bu yolculuk Samsunda son bulmakta ve oradan da yapà ½lacak Milli Mcadele à §aà °rà ½sà ½ Anadolunun ià §lerine doà °ru yayà ½lmaya baà ¾lamaktadà ½r. Bu sà ½rada Mustafa Kemali Anadoluya greve yollayan, à ngilizlerin geciken uyandà ½rmasà ½yla sonradan pià ¾man olacaklarà ½ bu karardan dnmek ià §in à §abala...

Top 3 Shylock Quotes and Speeches

Top 3 Shylock Quotes and Speeches Shylock is one of the most memorable characters from Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice – arguably, one of Shakespeare’s most memorable characters ever. We bring you the top three Shylock quotes and speeches that gave him an enduring presence throughout literary history. 1. â€Å"It Will Feed my Revenge!† To bait fish withal: if it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. He hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million; laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies; and whats his reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? if you tickle us, do we not laugh? if you poison us, do we not die? and if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villany you teach me, I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better t he instruction.(Act 3, Scene 1) 2. â€Å"Many a Time and Oft in The Rialto You Have Rated Me!† Signior Antonio, many a time and oftIn the Rialto you have rated meAbout my moneys and my usances:Still have I borne it with a patient shrug,For sufferance is the badge of all our tribe.You call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog,And spit upon my Jewish gaberdine,And all for use of that which is mine own.Well then, it now appears you need my help:Go to, then; you come to me, and you sayShylock, we would have moneys: you say so;You, that did void your rheum upon my beardAnd foot me as you spurn a stranger curOver your threshold: moneys is your suitWhat should I say to you? Should I not sayHath a dog money? is it possibleA cur can lend three thousand ducats? OrShall I bend low and in a bondmans key,With bated breath and whispering humbleness, Say this;Fair sir, you spit on me on Wednesday last;You spurnd me such a day; another timeYou calld me dog; and for these courtesiesIll lend you thus much moneys?(Act 1, Scene 3) 3. â€Å"I Have Possessd Your Grace of What I Purpose!† I have possessd your grace of what I purpose;And by our holy Sabbath have I swornTo have the due and forfeit of my bond:If you deny it, let the danger lightUpon your charter and your citys freedom.Youll ask me, why I rather choose to haveA weight of carrion flesh than to receiveThree thousand ducats: Ill not answer that:But, say, it is my humour: is it answerd?What if my house be troubled with a ratAnd I be pleased to give ten thousand ducatsTo have it baned? What, are you answerd yet?Some men there are love not a gaping pig;Some, that are mad if they behold a cat;And others, when the bagpipe sings i the nose,Cannot contain their urine: for affection,Mistress of passion, sways it to the moodOf what it likes or loathes. Now, for your answer:As there is no firm reason to be renderd,Why he cannot abide a gaping pig;Why he, a harmless necessary cat;Why he, a woollen bagpipe; but of forceMust yield to such inevitable shameAs to offend, himself being offended;So can I give no reason, nor I will not,More than a lodged hate and a certain loathingI bear Antonio, that I follow thusA losing suit against him. Are you answerd?(Act 4, Scene 1)

The matrix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The matrix - Essay Example The directors of the movie ‘The Matrix’ are the two Wachowski siblings; they are Andy Wachowski and Lana Wachowski. The two brothers were very enthusiastic about the movie even before the making of it. It was a very ambitious project for them. They have portrayed the religious belief and the conception that they possess in well documented manner in the movie. The religious inclination of the siblings came from their mother. Their mother was originally a catholic, so the directors have got some sort of inclination towards the religious beliefs and conceptions. Moreover, their mother was also a Shamanist, i.e. she believed in reaching to an alternate state of mind. She also used to develop an energy that helped her to communicate with the various spirits. Furthermore, she also used to have the power to enter into the benevolent and malevolent spirits of the universe and can highly influence them. These environments of religion and spiritual beliefs have highly influenced s iblings to have a strong inclination towards it. Hence, they were influenced to make the movie. The movie, ‘The Matrix’, has also shown a suffice presence of the religious and spiritual concepts. Moreover, the two siblings had immensely struggled in their early life of childhood. They also believe that they were able to survive in those struggling days only because of the blessings of the God and the holy spirits (Gerrold 1-257). Literally speaking, ‘The Matrix’ is the development of an object that is influenced by the political, cultural and social environment. There are various religions practiced in this world that believe the concept portrayed in the movie, ‘The Matrix’. Moreover, the religious beliefs conveyed in Christianity and Buddhism shows strong similarity in their doctrines to the message that is being portrayed in the movie. Many people in this world believe that the

Sherwin Williams (SHW0 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sherwin Williams (SHW0 - Research Paper Example There are various methods which have been postulated by scholars such as Gordon; Gordon postulated a growth model which is used to ascertain or estimate the value of stock in the future. In the Gordon growth model it is assumed that the company cash flows experiences constant growth t to perpetuity from the period immediately proceeding the valuation date. In the Gordon method the present value of the terminal benefit is then added to the summation of the present value of all project cash flows so as to arrive at the total value of stock (Stavans, 2007). The second approach to stock valuation in order to ascertain the total returns to the investor is the constant growth model. Using model it is assumed that earnings of the stock a constant growth, that is, dividend experience a constant which is usually ascertained from the growth in the earnings of the company then using a capitalization rate which is given by the difference between the company cost of equity and the growth. Then, the expected earning to the stock (then multiplied by one plus the growth rate) is divided by the capitalization rate so as to arrive at the total earnings attributed to the stock. Then, this figure is added to the current market so as to ascertain the total returns that would accrue to the investor at the end of the five year period. In order to achieve the objectives of this paper we will employ a hybrid of Gordon growth model so as to arrive at the total returns that the stocks of Sherwin Williams company. This method was adapted due to it is consideration of the time value of money concept. Moreover, this method is more efficient than the constant growth assumption method. Total present value of earnings = 8.3431 plus 86.00 assuming the market price of shares grows at the same rate like the dividend such that the market price per share at the end of five years will be 86 (1.11)5 = 145.57 the present value would be 145.57 x 0.5428 = 79.02. Therefore, the total return

PC&D_Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PC&D_Inc - Case Study Example Similarly, innovation formed part of the organization’s approaches to its successful ventures (Docenti, 1986: 1-7; Hill and Jones, 2012: 167, 168). Though the company later faced challenges into productivity, it previously had successful initiatives towards value creation. PC&D achieved value creation through innovation into quality products that were highly regarded by consumers. This for instance established the company as a national market leader. Similarly, marketing initiatives that were achieved through a strong marketing team and a determined sales team ‘added value’ to the company’s ability to generate revenues (Docenti, 1986: 1-9; Hill and Jones, 2012: 167, 168). The company’s major resource was its employees and management. While it shared same raw materials with its competitors, it was able to organize its management and employees towards successful competitive advantage. The essence of the company’s employees was demonstrated when it lost its sales team leading to declined revenues (Docenti, 1986: 1-9; Hill and Jones, 2012: 167, 168). The success that was realized by the company before its fall was therefore because of its expansion and competitive advantage strategies, its successful value creation and its resource in dedicated human

Resulting and Constructive Trust in Equity & Trust Case Study

Resulting and Constructive Trust in Equity & Trust - Case Study Example She also, throughout the relationship, looked after the children and performed all the usual domestic duties around the home. In Sept 2003, Lynn formed a liaison with another man and moved out of the house. She brought an action against Mike claiming that she was entitled to a half-share in the house by reason of her contributions to the house hold expenses during the period the parties lived together. According to the evidence at the trial in the High Court, both Lynn and Mike had assumed that the house was jointly owned although the matter was never actually discussed between them. It is also not in dispute that, if it had not been for the fact that Lynn was working part-time, Mike would not have been able to meet the mortgage payments out of his own salary. 1) Applying Lloyds Bank plc v Rosset (1994) 1 A.C. 107, (HL), in the absence of any finding of an agreement, arrangement or understanding between the parties to share beneficially, Lynn's indirect contributions to household expenses were insufficient to found a beneficial interest in the house. In particular, the court refused to follow the decision of Mr. Nicholas Mostyn Q.C. (sitting as a deputy High judge) in Le v Le Foe (2002) 2 F.L.R. 970on the ground that it was inconsistent with Lord Bridge's speech in Rosset; 2) Distinguishing Midlands Bank Plc v Cooke (1995) 4 All E.R. 562 (C.A.), it was not open to the court to assess Glady's beneficial share in the house by undertaking a survey of the whole course of dealings between the parties relevant to their ownership and occupation of the property. The principle enunciated in Cooke applied only to the establishment of an equitable interest through direct contributions. In December 2004, the Court of Appeal dismissed Lynn's appeal affirming both grounds given by the High Court. Task: Lynn now wishes to appeal to the House of Lords against the Court of Appeal's decision and seeks your written opinion on the merits of her claim. You should support your advice by reference to decided cases. Answer: The current state of caselaw on implied trust and beneficial or equitable interest in property due to indirect contributions to family home is not favourable to the appeal being considered by Lynn Jones. English courts are reluctant to adopt the remedial constructive trust principles of Canadian courts. It seems to be that judicial reasoning on implied trust rely on contributions to the purchase price and provable agreement, arrangement or understanding between the parties to share the property beneficially prevent the application of principles of justice and conscience in the present case. The facts of the problem show that the court had already struck down Lynn Jones arguments on the application of resulting trust principles because of the lack of contribution to the purchase price or proof of agreement, arrangement or understanding to share equitable interest. Not only the Rosset and Cooke cases but also the basic direction of

Genetic mapping Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Genetic mapping - Research Paper Example The dawn of modern genetics began with the unveiling of Mendel’s rules and Mendel’s paper in 1900. The term gene was first used in 1909; the first experiment on genetic mapping was published in 1910; and the first genetic map was materialized in 1913 (Kevles & Hood, 1992, p. 38). Thomas Hunt Morgan was the first person to elucidate the techniques of genetic mapping with his discovery of the X chromosome--the decisive sex gene, in 1910 (Kevles & Hood, 1992, pp. 43-44). In 1911, Morgan’s student, Alfred Sturtevant, mapped the location of the gene mutations that were studied by his esteemed professor (â€Å"Overview of the Human,† 2010). The initial blueprint of the human genome was broadcasted on February 2001 in the journal Nature; which showed the progression of the genome’s 3 billion base pairs. The completed gene arrangement was published in April 2003 (â€Å"Overview of the Human,† 2010). Future employment of the project in the field of mo lecular medicine includes: refined disease diagnosis; early identification of predisposition and disease process; objective drug design; gene therapy; and custom drugs (â€Å"Potential Benefits,† 2009). ... genes to develop alternative energy source, to create pollutant-detectors present in the environment, to prevent carbon emission that worsens global warming; for risk assessment; for information on the origin of species; for fast absolution of crime; and for agricultural purposes (â€Å"Potential Benefits,† 2009). On the down side, gene mapping can create an air of animosity, injustice, and abuse on the part of the gene-owner (Narcisse, 1998); it can induce a feeling of apprehension and disappointment; and it will implicate not only the tested individual, but the family as well. Apart from the aforementioned disadvantages, gene mapping is also contravened by many issues; among which are issues on information confidentiality, psychological effects, reproductive and clinical issues, conceptual and philosophical implications, health and environmental issues, commercialization of products, and other uncertainties, such as the causative agent for complex conditions (e.g. heart dise ase) (â€Å"Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues,† 2008). Information acquired through gene mapping, is presumptive and not prognostic (Rajeski, n.d., para. 3). It aids in the identification of gene mutation, insertion, and deletion that may or may not result in a disease. According to Claes et al. (2004), awareness of innate gene mutations can empower, as well as impose adverse emotional effects and feelings of distress. Knowledge of what could be can greatly alter the way an individual perceives the future and live one’s life. Some of the principles foreseen to be offended by the human genome project are autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, veracity, and fidelity (Daniels, 2004, p. 168). Easy access to the human genome database can violate a person’s right to autonomy. Confidentiality

EXPECTING THE UNEXPECTED HOW SWAT OFFICERS AND FILM CREWS HANDLE Assignment

EXPECTING THE UNEXPECTED HOW SWAT OFFICERS AND FILM CREWS HANDLE SURPRISES - Assignment Example 2005 pp. 336). Bricolage is dependent on sociocognitive resources developed by group members, this is done through work draft agreements, reinforcement and involvement of task operations while enabling the development of cross-member expertise. Researchers have started to pay attention to surprise as a crucial element within business operations. (Lampel & Shapira, 2001; Weick, 1995; Weick & Sutcliffe, 2001). Surprise is defined as a split from the normal expected outcome that the participants did not anticipate. Surprises include components within organizations that are unforeseen and pull away participant’s concentration away from progressing on the work. Surprises are fascinating as they demonstrate the extraordinary methods in which various firms come across uncertainties and adjust, while at the same time offer openings for further analysis for future robust action. (McDaniel, Jordan, & Fleeman, 2003; Weick & Sutcliffe, 2001). they happen. This research is interested in the determination of the frequency and success in how police Swat and film crews react to surprise and their preparation to change. This research paper is also interested in how the organizations redirect operations as circumstances change and development of collective resources. Analysis not only requires the investigation of group members’ responses to surprise, but also studying the process that facilitate rapid response. The study made comparisons on organizational practices on both categories of organizations and their mode of expecting, anticipating, and sometimes embracing, the unexpected. The title of the article is plain and clear to the content and the rationale of the research. It concisely explains all the facets of the research in the interested article, which is how swat officers and film crews handle surprises. Hence the title of the article is a reflection of the the

Genetic mapping Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Genetic mapping - Research Paper Example The dawn of modern genetics began with the unveiling of Mendel’s rules and Mendel’s paper in 1900. The term gene was first used in 1909; the first experiment on genetic mapping was published in 1910; and the first genetic map was materialized in 1913 (Kevles & Hood, 1992, p. 38). Thomas Hunt Morgan was the first person to elucidate the techniques of genetic mapping with his discovery of the X chromosome--the decisive sex gene, in 1910 (Kevles & Hood, 1992, pp. 43-44). In 1911, Morgan’s student, Alfred Sturtevant, mapped the location of the gene mutations that were studied by his esteemed professor (â€Å"Overview of the Human,† 2010). The initial blueprint of the human genome was broadcasted on February 2001 in the journal Nature; which showed the progression of the genome’s 3 billion base pairs. The completed gene arrangement was published in April 2003 (â€Å"Overview of the Human,† 2010). Future employment of the project in the field of mo lecular medicine includes: refined disease diagnosis; early identification of predisposition and disease process; objective drug design; gene therapy; and custom drugs (â€Å"Potential Benefits,† 2009). ... genes to develop alternative energy source, to create pollutant-detectors present in the environment, to prevent carbon emission that worsens global warming; for risk assessment; for information on the origin of species; for fast absolution of crime; and for agricultural purposes (â€Å"Potential Benefits,† 2009). On the down side, gene mapping can create an air of animosity, injustice, and abuse on the part of the gene-owner (Narcisse, 1998); it can induce a feeling of apprehension and disappointment; and it will implicate not only the tested individual, but the family as well. Apart from the aforementioned disadvantages, gene mapping is also contravened by many issues; among which are issues on information confidentiality, psychological effects, reproductive and clinical issues, conceptual and philosophical implications, health and environmental issues, commercialization of products, and other uncertainties, such as the causative agent for complex conditions (e.g. heart dise ase) (â€Å"Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues,† 2008). Information acquired through gene mapping, is presumptive and not prognostic (Rajeski, n.d., para. 3). It aids in the identification of gene mutation, insertion, and deletion that may or may not result in a disease. According to Claes et al. (2004), awareness of innate gene mutations can empower, as well as impose adverse emotional effects and feelings of distress. Knowledge of what could be can greatly alter the way an individual perceives the future and live one’s life. Some of the principles foreseen to be offended by the human genome project are autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, veracity, and fidelity (Daniels, 2004, p. 168). Easy access to the human genome database can violate a person’s right to autonomy. Confidentiality

Cross Cultural Managemant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Cross Cultural Managemant - Essay Example Prominently, it has been found that Egyptian culture favors authoritative leadership and team orientation; emphasizes the present and avoids risk or change; emphasizes laws and regulations and does not adhere to time schedules. Recommendations to managers have been made keeping in mind these and few other attributes. Table of contents 1. Introduction 4 2. Cultural assessment in global business: rationale and objectives 4 3. Determinants of culture 6 4. Analysis of Egyptian culture 7 4.1 Based on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions 8 4.2 Based on Trompenaars’ cultural dimensions 10 4.3 Based on Edward T Hall’s intercultural aspects in communication 11 4.4 Based on the GLOBE project by House et al., 12 5. Implications for business 14 5.1 From GLOBE’s cultural dimensions perspective 15 5.2 Other perspectives 17 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 19 Bibliography Appendices List of appendices Appendix 1: Steers et al.’s (2010) Comparison of models of cultural dimensions Appendix 2: Nardon & Steer’s (2009) Core cultural dimensions: an integrative summary Appendix 3: House et al.’s (2004) Summary of social cluster rankings for culturally endorsed implicit theory leadership 1. Introduction: Egypt, an African country, is known for its historical origins of world civilizations. Its culture is influenced by the Mediterranean, African and the Arab countries, and therefore predominantly follows Islamic religion. From international perspective, Egypt’s social and cultural considerations act as the constraints for business and management due to their vast dissimilarities with other nations’ cultures (Rice & Mahmoud, 2013). In view of this fact, Egypt’s conduciveness for business in international arena will be explored by using findings from literature. Literature on various researches related to world cultures will be studied, with main focus on the most significant studies, like those by Hofstede, Trompenaars, H all, and House et al will be used as reference points. Critical implications for effective management such as motivation, leadership, organizational policies and procedures will be identified based on analysis carried out on Egyptian culture using various cultural dimensions. Finally, conclusions will be drawn and recommendations will be made, if required, from management viewpoint. 2 Cultural assessment in global business: rationale and objectives Business management attracted a different perspective during the beginning stages of globalization owing to the various determinants of successful business run by people belonging to various backgrounds. This perspective was from the cultural aspect, which management specialists and scholars have been studying in detail to identify the role of national culture on various aspects related to organizational behavior. Business anthropology has thus permeated management field owing to various needs in globalized world, such as communication, b usiness growth, international relations, international laws and regulations etc, all of which are influenced by culture. For instance, the human resources perspective demands a thorough understanding and analysis in different countries, considering the similarities and variations of national and organizational cultures, for effective management of people. Extensive research work and evidences in the areas of marketing, consumer behavior, international business,

Foreigners Essay Essay Example for Free

Foreigners Essay Essay Is Paia a better choice for Luba than Lachance? Luba Dominescu, the only girl of the Dominescu family, plays an important role in the novel â€Å"Foreigners†. After going through a hard time with her family in Canada, the country they have just immigrated to, Luba becomes more mature and her feminine charm gradually shows up. Paia Manescu and Lachance are two boys who fall in love with this young lady and they compete with each other to win her heart. Although the blue-eyed boy, Lachance, seems to be more attractive to Luba, Paia’s love for Luba has lasted for a long time and their families fully support their marriage. They also have more things in common to promote their relationship, such as language and culture. Furthermore, Paia can be both a nice husband and a wonderful son to help the Dominescu family out of difficulties. Therefore, Paia is a better choice for Luba than Lachance. First of all, Paia makes a better mate for Luba because Luba’s parents, Stefan Dominescu and Sofie Dominescu, have been really good friends with Paia’s parents since they were in their old country Romania. In these two families, â€Å"It had always seemed clear to everyone that Luba would marry Paia† (155). As soon as the second time Lachance visits the Domincescu to court Luba, Stefan along with Luba purposely visits Paia’s family to tell them that it is necessary now for Paia to propose to Luba if he wants to marry her. This example shows that Luba’s parents wish their daughter to choose Paia instead of Lachance and there is no doubt that a life of marriage with parents’ blessing and full support will be happier. In addition, for Luba herself, she has known Paia since they were little children and â€Å"he had cared her for such a long time† (158). However, Paia is just a boy she knows from school only a few months ago. Compared with Lachance’s unfamiliar and sudden affection, Paia’s love is obviously more reliable and sincere. Another advantage Paia has is that he comes from the same country as Luba, in other words, â€Å"he was one of her people, spoke the same language, played the same music† (158). As a mew immigrant, Luba apparently can not speak English exactly the correct way so that if she marries an English boy like Lachance, she may have difficulties communicating with her husband and it greatly increases the possibility of misunderstanding and arguments between the couple. Besides language, things such as traditions, eating habits, belief and music are also important factors that can influence a relationship. For instance, when Lachance plays music at Luba’s home, â€Å"the tunes sounded strangely to the Romanians’ ears† (155). However, since Paia grows up in the same culture as Luba, there are no cultural differences and communication barrier between he and Luba and it is a lot easier to maintain and improve their relationship. Not only can Paia be a better husband, but he also becomes a more helpful son of the Dominescu family. After Luba marries Paia, they will live in the same house with Sofie and Stefan and stay with Luba’s family rather than follow Lachance to join his father and have â€Å"a more unsettled life† (158). In this way, Luba is able to continue to take care of her little brother and â€Å"Paia would work with tata, helping with everything† (158), which means Paia can share the heavy burden of supporting the whole family that has placed on Stefan’s shoulder since they moved to Canada. These two aspects shows that Paia both brings more family happiness to Luba and helps the Dominescu family gradually get out of difficult circumstance. In conclusion, marrying Paia is obvious a better choice for Luba. He cares for Luba for a longer time than Lachance, has more support from their parents and he shares the same culture and speaks the same language as Luba. Also, he can take care of Luba, as well as her family. Although Luba has difficulties choosing her husband between two gentlemen who are both charming and attractive, it is still lucky for her to have the freedom to decide her own marriage.

Gunsmoke Synthesis Essay -- Television Media TV Essays

Gunsmoke Synthesis Between the years 1952 to 1961, the series Gunsmoke was broadcasted across the nation. The show gave people insight into a past life of men who carried guns, fought for what was theirs, and showed that even the hardest people could be tamed. It was a time when the heroes of the old west started settling down, and in doing so they were either good guys like sheriffs, or they were bad guys that robbed people or places. From the stories of Gunsmoke the central character was a U.S. Marshall named Matt Dillon. He was calm, steady, and easy to talk with. In Gunsmoke we see a man that takes his job seriously, from helping those in need to catching the wanted. The thing about Matt Dillon that catches you is that even though he has a sidekick he does things by himself as if he was trying to make sure that no one else got hurt. For example in "Skid Row" when he went to get Mr. Hordbee, he told no one what he was up to. In the episode "Bloody Hands" Marshall Matt Dillon stopped the two men Mr. Showmen and Mr. Gourd from fighting after he had told Chester, his deputy...

The Internet May Harm a Child’s Physical Well Being and Mental Health :: Technology Computers Children

Internet May Harm a Child’s Physical Well Being and Mental Health While online exploration opens a world of possibilities for children, expanding their horizons and exposing them to different cultures and ways of life, they can also be exposed to many dangers exploring the information highway. If not used properly, the Internet may be severely damaging to the mental and physical health of children. There are many different hazards on the Internet. Chatting on the Internet, which enables people as well as children to communicate, without revealing their true identity, is probably THE most dangerous area on the Internet. By engaging in chat, you open yourself up to all sorts of exploitation, and personal harm. Chatting brings people closer, which may not always be a good thing. Offensive dialogue and adult conversation during chat also influences children to use inappropriate language at home as well as in school. Because of the interactive nature of chatting, it is most likely activity online through which children may be harmed. Too much time online limits a child's well-rounded development by taking the place of friends, schoolwork, sports and other activities. While on the Internet, it is probable that one will get carried away and lose track of time. Since being on the Internet is so time consuming, it is possible for anyone to get addicted. Any parent that values his child’s mental and physical well being should avoid this. Easy access to sites promoting hatred, violence, drugs, cults, and other things not appropriate for children, is another great hazard of the Internet. Besides offering opportunities and access to unsavory activities, these sites also, quite often present misleading and inaccurate information. In most cases, parents cannot censor what their children read online, what sites they visit, what kind of people they chat with, or the things they purchase. Accessing the Internet means accessing violent material, by means of reading and watching. Basically, a parent does not have control over what their child does. There are no restrictions on marketing products such as alcohol, tobacco, and arms to children- Marketing deceptively collects personal information from kids in order to sell products to them or their parents. Requests for personal information for contests and surveys that are used in unauthorized ways often may occur. By submitting personal information in order to purchase goods or services through the Internet, we are exposing ourselves to hackers. Hackers illegally obtain private files stored on computers.

What time you call this?

She returned a few seconds later, there was a little glimmer of satisfaction on her face. She paused in the centre of the' hall, as though wondering what to do next. Then, suddenly, she turned and went across into her husband's study. On the desk she found his address book, and after hunting through it for a while she picked up the phone and dialled a number. â€Å"Hello,† she said. â€Å"Listen – this is Nine East Sixty-second Street . . . Yes, that's right. Could you send someone round as soon as possible, do you think? Yes, it seems to be stuck between the second, and third floors. At least, that's where the indicator's pointing . . . Right away? Oh, that's very kind of you. You see, my legs aren't any too good for walking up a lot of stairs. Thank you so much. Good-bye.† She replaced the receiver and sat there at her husband's desk, patiently waiting for the man who would be coming soon to repair the lift. â€Å"What time do you call this?† she said The repairman replied, † well sorry for running late but my car broke down† â€Å"Oh well don't worry but I will not be paying you full price† she declared He replied in a rudely manner â€Å"Okay madam, I'm really sorry, it wasn't entirely my fault† She interrupted â€Å"Quick, quick!!! I'll have to dust the house before my husband comes home, im tired as it is† The repairman started fixing the elevator, it was continuously playing up. the repair man said â€Å"this is too dangerous to be in use and someone should have been called out weeks ago other than that it should be working in any second now† She replied, â€Å"Oh thanks dear, I shall be paying you nineteen dollars† â€Å"Oh yes that will do† he said with a disappointed sigh. The repairman started fixing the elevator, he took out a few tools, a spanner, screw driver and a hand drill, he tried and tried to open the jammed elevator but it wouldn't open, Mrs Foster saw this so she offered to help, † do you need help there mister?† â€Å"Well†, he said with a surprised face â€Å"mrs I haven't got the right tools so ill have to come back tomorrow† â€Å"No you will not!!! I need it fixed now, so it will get fixed now also I have some tools under the sink in the kitchen† she declared Ill have a look, hopefully you have a crowbar, that's all I need† he replied Fast, fast I don't much have time,† she said. So the man got the crowbar, put one end in the gap and put all his weight in the other , Then a little gap emerged and a sudden stench infested the nose of the repairman. â€Å"Orrghh that bloody smells† he shouted â€Å"What, what is the matter?† She shouted Mrs foster then went towards the elevator and said â€Å"open up we'll see what has made that ghastly smell if you be quick† Then man opened up the rest of the lift so they could see what in the lift. â€Å"Oh my little smooch, my cat, my cat its dead† she wailed â€Å"I better get a bag† he said with a confused face. He got a bag for the cat. Mrs foster was surprised and disappointed, and she showed a glimmer of dissatisfaction, the cry sounded rather unreal, not usual cry that her pet had got stuck in the lift and died but an obvious exaggerated cry. â€Å"Here's nineteen dollars,† she said â€Å"Oh thanks, hopefully no problems should reoccur† he said So the man left the house, she was slightly upset. She got in the elevator and went up to her bedroom, she put down the suitcase and lied down on the luxurious bed that she had, it consists of a king bed, which had a crown looking thing at each corner of the bed. Half asleep she heard a creeping noise of footsteps; she thought it was nothing but her mind playing on her. The noise got closer and closer, but she was getting sleepier and sleepier. With her eyes slightly closed she could feel a shadow over her, She reluctantly opened her eyes and to her amazement it was Mr foster, â€Å"Its alright your safe with me, go back to sleep† he muttered While she was falling into deep asleep, he quietly went to the closet and opens the draw He took a sharp object and walked over to the bed was went towards Mrs foster, put his hand in a plastic bag then stabbed her in the neck.

Rhetorical Analysis Bittman

The Rhetorical Analysis of the Seriousness of Food Thinking about the importance and significance of food respective to our health, ethnic culture and society can cause cavernous, profound, and even questionable thoughts such as: â€Å"Is food taken for granted? †, â€Å"Is specialty foods just a fad or a change in lifestyle? †, and even â€Å"Is food becoming the enemy. † Mark Bittman, an established food journalist, wrote an article called â€Å"Why take food seriously? † In this article, Bittman enlightens the reader with a brief history lesson of America’s appreciation of food over the past decades.This history lesson leads to where the social standing of food is today and how it is affecting not only the people of America, but also the rest of the world. Bittman attempts to display awareness in his audience by supporting his argument and encouraging his readers to see his perspective through three proofs of persuasion: ethos, logos, and pathos. Bittman’s ethos is immediately realized simply through who his stature. Bittman has been a food journalist for the past thirty two years. Within that time, he has managed to write bestselling books including: â€Å"How to Cook Everything†, â€Å"How to Cook Everything Vegetarian†, and â€Å"Food Matters. He also writes for the New York Times in his own weekly column called â€Å"The Minimalist. † Along with professional experience, there is personal experience. The article opens with Bittman stating, â€Å"Our relationship with food is changing more rapidly than ever, and like many others, I’ve watched in awe. † Bittman has been a food journalist since 1980. Therefore, he has witnessed the ever changing perspective of food in society with an â€Å"unusual† perspective. He has observed and followed the effects of which foods has brought forth to health, media, and the rest of the world.This gives the reader a sense of trust because h e has experienced it first hand. Even with his palpable experience and expertise with food, his ethos is continued throughout the article. Bittman exemplifies his ethos through his use of sarcasm. He says, â€Å"Each year, each month it sometimes seems, there are more signs that convenience, that mid-20th-century curse word, may give way to quality — even what you might call wholesomeness — just before we all turn into the shake-sucking fatties of â€Å"Wall-E. † The movie â€Å"Wall-E† is an extremely recent and popular Pixar film.It is about Earth no longer providing living conditions for life. This causes humans to live in a space craft where robots did essentially everything for them; the result, â€Å"shake-sucking fatties. † Bittman’s use of sarcasm throughout the entire article adds a comic relief giving the reader a sense that Bittman is just a normal funny guy. Along with using his humor, Bittman makes references to well known figu res in today’s society, like â€Å"Wall-E. † By doing this, Bittman shows that he is current and up to date with media and society.He references, â€Å"We were ripe for the Food Network’s Emeril, Rachael, Mario and Bobby, who created a buzz based on celebrity that grabbed not only the middle-aged and the young but also the very young. † Food network is incredibly popular along with the network’s stars that Bittman referenced. Bittman displays that he is well knowledgeable of who is who and what is what in today’s society. Bittman’s ethos is exemplified through his professional and personal experiences, along with his humor and up to date knowledge of media. Bittman goes on to establish logos through structure.He begins with a quick introduction of who he is and discloses the problem of society’s relationship with food and it â€Å"changing rapidly. † Bittman then presents a brief history lesson starting with before the 1 950’s leading to today. He says, â€Å"Until 50 years ago, of course, every household had at least one person who took food seriously every day. But from the 1950s on, the majority of the population began contentedly cooking less and less, eating out more and more and devouring food that was worse and worse, until the horrible global slop served by fast-food and â€Å"casual dining† chains came to dominate the scene.One result: an unprecedented rise in obesity levels and a not-unrelated climb in health-care costs. † Bittman continues to go through each decade presenting new facts about what was the â€Å"thing† or â€Å"latest fad† at that time. For example he says, â€Å"Of course, food continues to be fetishized;  organic food  has been commodified; the federal government subsidizes almost all of the wrong kinds of food production; supermarkets peddle way too much nonreal food (â€Å"junk food† or, to use my mother’s word, â₠¬Å"dreck†); and weight-loss diets still discourage common-sense eating. By individually going through each decade, it helps the reader see the evidence Bittman presents. It then furthers what society’s relationship towards food has evolved into. Also, it allows the reader to understand and relate. The reader, depending on their age, can mentally travel back to previous decades and think back to instances they remember experiencing themselves. Bittman establishes logos through structuring a time line for the reader to understand and relate to. Lastly Bittman exerts pathos through his mood and tone. The mood of the article transfers into awareness and humorous but possibly the actual reality.The reader can distinguish Bittman’s attempt to raise awareness for the topic from his presentation of what he believes to be the real issues, â€Å"The real issues — how do we grow and raise, distribute and sell, prepare and eat food? And how do our patterns of doing t hese things affect the rest of the world (and vice versa)? — are simply too big to ignore. † By Bittman directly pointing out what the â€Å"real issues† are, the reader is automatically more aware of the problems with food. The reader now ponders what they can change and do or learn to help relinquish the issues at hand.Bittman continues to raise awareness, more so in a comical way, when he states: â€Å"This has led  many Americans to think as much about food as they do about â€Å"Survivor† or the  N. F. L  Ã¢â‚¬â€ which is to say a lot — and its preparation is no longer limited to what was once called a housewife. † Bittman’s is saying this too purposely so the reader has an eye opener moment, while others may get a chuckle out of it. Either way, Bittman is trying to compel the reader to be conscious of what the importance and significance of food has become. Bittman uses his sarcasm to enforce awareness upon the reader.Bitt man’s tone throughout the article ranges from sarcastic to passionate to a want for change. He says, â€Å"I’ve never been more hopeful. (In fact, I was never hopeful at all until recently. )† Bittman is stating that he believes there is potential for change and people are realizing that food needs to be taken seriously. He continues to express his sense of humor intermixed with his passion and hope for change when he concludes the article with, â€Å"Perhaps just in time, we’re saying, â€Å"Hold the shake,† and looking for something more wholesome. † Bittman is ending the scene and leaving the reader with something to ponder.Bittman sets his tone and the mood of the article to leave a lasting impression on the reader. Mark Bittman used the three proofs of persuasion to better appeal to his audience. He exemplifies ethos by using his professional and personal experiences. Bittman then moves on to establish logos through the structure of a t ime line of facts for the reader to understand and relate to. Lastly, Bittman creates pathos with his spewing emotion of passion, awareness, and sarcasm. He portrays these emotions through his tone and mood. Bittman uses the three proofs of persuasion to open the readers eyes to the seriousness of food.

Elective Banking Management Part

Explain the factors the branch manager has to take into account at the time of preparation of the budget. 4. Write an essay on Globalization in the Banking Industry. 5. Examine the economic functions of banks. 6. Explain Fractional-reserve banking. 25 x 4=100 marks Answers 2. Explain performance budgeting exercise as a tool for deposit manipulation. Performance budgeting can be defined as budgeting for the performance of an individual or an organization.In the context of an organization what is required is to set some broad objectives for the organization at the top management level and motivate the employees in such a manner that they also feel like setting some individual goals, which are nevertheless complementary to the goals for the organization. Performance budgeting exercise is elucidated in the below steps: 1. Defining the Commanding Area: The concept of command areas is a highly dynamic one, having relevance only to a particular budget year.This means that the command areas of branch need not be the same for all years on the other hand, it should be changed as and when the branch has tapped the full potential of the area. Again there is another wrong concept about the command areas that it should be geographically contiguous areas around the branch. Actually the command areas of a branch should be the possible main areas, which the ranch can effectively serve during the particular years, as felt by the branch manager and the staff.Thus branch can have as its command area, a whole village, as war, as street of a town, a big building housing several offices, etc. Of course this does not mean business from other areas is not welcome but only that our main thrust will in this area. 2. Environmental Scanning and Market Segmentation: Environmental scanning really means scanning the branch environment, both inside and outside. Often we tend to ignore the internal factors as we understand it today, this involves identification of the market and its attention, the evaluation and selection of this market after it is segmented.But let us try to look at it from a different angel. A. The Internal Factors: There are three important factors to be considered under this head they are: Employees of the branch – human resources Non human resource – infrastructure Top management – the controlling offices It is a fact the branch management can realize its goals only through the active co-operation of the staff working in the branch and the administrative offices. There a fair knowledge of the nature of staffs their aspirations and robbers will help branch manager to take them along with his as team to achieve the goals.Naturally, he should interact with them as frequently as possible. The manager should also try to create good rapport with higher authorities. For this is should properly communicate with them regarding this action plan and feed them with sufficient data at the appropriate time. He must work in close liaison with t hem so that he can strengthen his hand and try to avoid origination conflicts and help himself to take quick and sound decisions consistent with the policies of the bank. Then comes the assessment of the infrastructural facilities available in the branch.The goals set for the branch should be possible to be achieved with the available infrastructure thus we can very well see that non achievement of budgetary goals cannot be ascribes to staff shortage, if the spirit of the performance budget is properly understood. B. The External Factors: Four important factors under this head National plan objectives and government policies Aspirations and expectations in the command area Customer satisfaction Handling competition from rivals The national plan objectives are normally given in the policy guidelines book published by the central office, planning department.These should be through at length. The prime function of bank is to accept deposits from those with surplus money and lend it to those who need it for productive investment. This necessitates the identification of pockets of potential deposit on the one hand and identification of person who need advance for productive purposes, on the other. Collection of these data is very important and it has to be done methodically. These data can be used to: 1. Segment the market according to various parameters. 2. Prepare bankable schemes for various segments and .It is better that these data are collected and kept updated frequently. Regarding customer satisfaction, we have to ensure that the primary motto in formulating any scheme is the satisfaction of the customer. We have to worry about the competition from other financial institution and fellow bankers. For this we have to know the terms, nature and cost of services rendered by our competition and also their marketing strategies. Apart from all these, the branch manager should try to: Develop personal inclination to take safe risks.Create a climate of confidence an d trust within the branch Establish personal rapport with the higher authorities and Take quick an sound decisions 3. Studying the past trend in business growth: A study of the past trend in the business growth of the branch helps the manger to take as stock of the inherent strength and weakness of the branch, the staff members and its location, etc. This must be done to mark the budget realistic. There is no point in setting a budget, which IS very ambitious for a branch with limited resources. . Preparation of Tentative Budget: After doing all the above exercise, the branch manager should attempt to rooter the incremental growth in business for the next year. It is at this stage that he should seek the reviews of all his staff members in agreement and frank atmosphere. Preferably a meeting of all the staff members should be called in which he can present all the details. It should then be left to the group to decide how much should be the incremental growth in business for their b ranch.In such a meeting, the leadership qualities of the manger should be made use of, so as to elicit the view of each and every staff member. Apart from this the manager should patiently listen to the view so everybody. It all the certain views and suggestions are not acceptable to the group, the members should be convinced of the reason why they are not acceptable. Once sufficient deliberations have been gone through in the meeting a consensus decision in regard to the incremental growth in the business in each sector like deposits, advances, profit etc. Ill be taken. There is important advantage in formulating the budget in this way. Because the goals have been set jointly, every member for the staff will be totally committed to the goals and will be striving hard to achieve them. As a result, he budge of the branch will not be treated as the branch managers budget but will recognized as a branch budget. 5. Participating in the Budget Meeting of the Region: The branch manager pr esent this draft budget to eh regional manager in the budget meeting convened by the latter for the entire region.In this meeting, the regional manager present the macro level scenario of the region and invites suggestion and views of the individual branch manages regarding their contribution to the achievement of the incremental business growth for the regions for the next year. The draft budgets brought by the individual branch angers are the discussed and the total business for the entire regions is arrived at. The figures furnished by the individual branches are not simply accepted by the regional manager. The branch managers will have to us passionate their projected business figures to the satisfaction of the regional manager. . The Final Budget Meeting at the Branch: After the regional manager has finalize the regional budgets in the above meeting, the branch manager has to convene another staff meeting in his own branch to inform the staff member s about the details of the f inal budget room the draft budget, the branch manager should explain the position to all the staff members to their satisfaction. In this way all the staff members are very well aware of the task. In this meeting some notion plans can also be chalked out. 7.Review Meeting at Branch Level and Regional Level: Once the budget year starts, the real action begins. Success of any planned project depends on large extent on the periodic review of the progress made. The entire yearly budget can be divided into quarterly or half yearly budgets. In the review meetings half of the regional level, the performance of each ranch will be reviewed visit–visit the targets; For making the regional review meetings more meaningful, it is advisable to attempt such review meetings at the individual branches by conducting staff meetings.This should be preferably done before the regional review meetings so that the branch manager is ready with all the necessary details when comes for the regional mee ting specifically in regard to the reasons for variances, if any from the budgetary goals. 3. Explain the factors the branch manager has to take into account at the time of preparation of the budget. At the time of preparation of the budge, the branch manager has to take into account the following four factors: 1.Bank's corporate goals 2. Rib's ground rules 3. Government of Indian's Directives 4. Expectations of the people in the command area 1. Bank's corporate goals The corporate goal of the bank, as decided by the top management, forms the basis of the performance budget. As such it is necessary that these are clearly spelt out and advised to the branches well in time. In some banks these are given in the booklet, â€Å"Policy Guidelines†, brought Out by the central office every year.This provides the branches the broad guidelines, covering the economic scenario for the country and the bank's expectations of the incremental growth in the business during the coming year. 2. Rib's Ground Rules There are certain ground rules prescribed by the RIB, which should govern all the activities of the bank. They are summarized below: a. No bank shall pay interest on current account. B. No bank shall pay countervailing interest on any current accounts maintained with it by its borrowers. C.No bank shall discriminate in the matter of rate of interest paid on deposits, between one deposit and another, accepted on the same date and the same maturity, whether such deposits are accepted at the same office or at the different offices of the bank. D. No bank shall pay brokerage on deposits in any form to any individual, firm, company, association, institution or any other person, except I) Commission paid to agents, employed to collect door to door deposits under special schemes ii) Inexpensive gifts costing not more than the amount prescribed by the RIB in this regard from time to time. Ii) Incentive granted to staff members as approved by RIB from time to time. E. No bank shall violate the other instructions issued by RIB from time to time, on payment of interest and related aspects in accepting of deposits and granting advances. 3. Government of India Directives The government of India issues directives from time to time to banks in the matter Of providing credit to the priority sector and other specified groups, and implementation for various poverty alleviation programs.These are kept in mind at the time of drawing the credit plan for the ensuring year. 4. Expectation of People of the Command Area Over all above all these, the branch manager at the time of drawing up the actual budget has to take into account the expectation of the people inhabiting the command area in regard to their credit needs and also other types of services, especially now that we are going to adopt the set-vice areas approach in all our activities.Answer: Fractional-reserve banking is the practice whereby a bank holds reserves (to satisfy demands for withdrawals) that are less than the amount of its customers' deposits. Reserves are held at the bank as currency, or as deposits in the bank's accounts at the central bank. Because bank deposits are usually considered money in their own right, fractional-reserve banking permits the none supply to grow beyond the amount of the underlying reserves of base money originally created by the central bank Fractional-reserve banking is the current form of banking practiced in most countries worldwide.Fractional reserve banking has been said to violate Islamic principles of ownership. Working of Fractional Reserve Banking In most legal systems, a bank deposit is not a bailsmen. In other words, the funds deposited are no longer the property of the customer. The funds become the property of the bank, and the customer in turn receives an asset called a deposit account (a checking or savings account). That deposit account is a liability on the balance sheet of the bank.Each bank is legally authorized to issue cred it up to a specified multiple of its reserves, so reserves available to satisfy payment of deposit liabilities are less than the total amount which the bank is obligated to pay in satisfaction of demand deposits. Fractional-reserve banking ordinarily functions smoothly. Relatively few depositors demand payment at any given time, and banks maintain a buffer of reserves to cover depositors' cash withdrawals and other demands for funds.However, during a bank run or a generalized financial crisis, demands or withdrawal can exceed the bank's funding buffer, and the bank will be forced to raise additional reserves to avoid defaulting on its obligations. A bank can raise funds from additional borrowings (e. G. , by borrowing in the interbrain lending market or from the central bank), by selling assets, or by calling in short-term loans. If creditors are afraid that the bank is running out of reserves or is insolvent, they have an incentive to redeem their deposits as soon as possible befor e other depositors access the remaining reserves.Thus the fear of a bank run can actually precipitate the crisis. Many of the practices of contemporary bank regulation and central banking, including centralized clearing of payments, central bank lending to member banks, regulatory auditing, and government-administered deposit insurance, are designed to prevent the occurrence of such bank runs. Economic Function of Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional-reserve banking allows banks to create credit in the form of bank deposits, which represent immediate liquidity to depositors.The banks also provide longer-term loans to borrowers, and act as financial intermediaries for those funds. Less liquid forms of deposit (such as time deposits) or riskier lasses of financial assets (such as equities or long-term bonds) may lock up a depositor's wealth for a period of time, making it unavailable for use on demand. This â€Å"borrowing short, lending long,† or maturity transformation func tion of fractional-reserve banking is a role that many economists consider to be an important function of the banking system.Additionally, according to macroeconomic theory, a well-regulated fractional-reserve bank System also benefits the economy by providing regulators with powerful tools for influencing the money supply and interest rates. Many economists believe hat these should be adjusted by the government to promote macroeconomic stability. The process of fractional-reserve banking expands the money supply of the economy but also increases the risk that a bank cannot meet its depositor withdrawals. Modern central banking allows banks to practice fractional-reserve banking with inter-bank business transactions with a reduced risk of bankruptcy.Money Creation Process There are two types of money in a fractional-reserve banking system operating with a central bank: Central Bank Money: money created or adopted by the central bank regardless Of its form -? precious metals, moodily certificates, banknotes, coins, electronic money loaned to banks, or anything else the central bank chooses as its form of money Commercial Bank Money: demand deposits in the banking system; sometimes referred to as â€Å"checkbook money† When a deposit of central bank money is made at a bank, the central bank money is removed from circulation and added to the commercial banks' reserves (it is no longer counted as part of MI money supply). Simultaneously, an equal amount of new commercial bank money is created in the form of bank deposits. When a loan is made by the commercial ann. (which keeps only a fraction of the central bank money as reserves), using the central bank money from the commercial bank's reserves, the ml money supply expands by the size of the loan. This process is called â€Å"deposit multiplication†.Regulatory Requirements: Government controls and bank regulations related to fractional-reserve banking have generally been used to impose restrictive r equirements on note issue and deposit taking on the one hand, and to provide relief from bankruptcy and creditor claims, and/or protect creditors with government funds, when banks defaulted on the other hand. Such measures have included for examples such as: Minimum required reserve ratios (Errs) Minimum capital ratios Government bond deposit requirements for note issue 100% Marginal Reserve requirements for note issue and Sanction on bank defaults and protection from creditors for many months or even years The Banking Sector has for centuries now formed one of the pillars of economic prosperity. Indeed history provides us with some starting information regarding how banks provided finance for imperialist ventures in newly acquired colonies.Over time banks have formed an important part in providing an avenue for both savings and investments. Land, Labor, capital and entrepreneurs are the basic economic resources available to business. However, to make the use of these resources, a b usiness requires finance to purchase of the land, hire labor, pay for capital goods and pay for individuals with specialized skills. Detail role of functions of banks in economic development is given below: Trade Development The banks provide capital, technical assistance and other facilities to businessmen according to their need, which leads to development in trade. Agriculture Development Banks finance the most important sector Of the developing economics I. Agriculture, short, medium and long-term loans are provided for the purchase of seeds and fertilizer, installation of tube wells, construction of warehouses, purchase of tractor and thresher etc. Industrial Development The countries, which concentrated on industrial sector made rapid economic development. South Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Indonesia have recently developed their industrial sector with the help of banks. Capital Formation Banks help in increasing the rate of capital formation in a country. Capital fo rmation means increase in number of production units, technology, plant ND machinery. They finance the projects responsible for increasing the rate of capital formation. Development of Foreign Trade Banks help the traders of two different countries to undertake business.Letter Of credit is issued by the importer's bank to the exporters to ensure the payment. The banks also arrange foreign exchange. Transfer of Money Banks provide the facility of transferring funds from one place to another which leads to the growth of trade. More Production A good banking system ensures more production in all sectors of the economy. It increases the prod auction capabilities of the economy by threatening capital structure and division of labor Development of Transport The banks financed the transport sector. It has reduced unemployment on one hand and increased the transport facility on the other hand. Remote areas are linked to main markets through developed transport system.Safe Custody The busine ss concerns and individuals can make themselves tension free by depositing their surplus money in banks. The banks also provide them the facility of lockers to keep their precious articles and necessary documents safe. Increase in Saving Banks persuade the people to save more. Different saving schemes with attractive interest rates are introduced for this purpose. Number of bank branches is opened in urban and rural areas. Construction of Houses Banks provide credit facilities to their customers for the purchase or construction of houses. Assistance to Government By providing funds to government for development programs, the banks share the government for economic stability.